DISRUPSI DALAM TINJAUAN MANUSIA EKONOMI: KESEJAHTERAAN BERSAMA DI ERA DISRUPSI
Abstract
Abstrak
Makalah ini menelusuri hakikat dasar kelahiran ilmu ekonomi dari sudut pandang terbentuknya manusia ekonomi (homo economicus). Dalam upaya itu, aspek pengejaran “self interest” yang melandasi kelahiran manusia ekonomi menjadi titik sentral pembahasan. Dari aspek itulah, makalah ini masuk ke dalam perjalanan sistem ekonomi dari masa ke masa hingga saat ini yang diwarnai oleh dominasi kapitalisme.
Pemikiran filsuf Yunani Klasik, Adam Smith, Thomas Piketty, David Harvey, dan Karl Polanyi akan menjadi landasan argumen tentang perjalanan ekonomi sejak abad ke-18. Munculnya ketidakpuasan global, krisis dan resesi, hingga pandemi Covid-19 menjadi pemicu pertanyaan, apakah manusia ekonomi dapat membawa nalarnya mewujudkan kesejahteraan bersama? Janji kesejahteraan yang kerap dicetuskan oleh ilmu ekonomi sulit untuk bisa ditepati. David Harvey menganggap bahwa sistem kapitalisme saat ini didasari oleh motif mencari keuntungan yang didukung oleh sifat modal yang dalam dirinya mengandung kontradiksi internal. Sifat tersebut, menurut Harvey, menjadi akar terjadinya krisis yang semakin hari semakin tidak dapat ditolerir dan membahayakan.
Tulisan ini mencoba menunjukkan bagaimana para pemikir ekonomi menemukan kesulitan untuk menjawab permasalahan yang diakibatkan setiap sistem ekonomi. Manusia ekonomi yang kelahirannya adalah sebuah andaian epistemis, untuk mempermudah bangunan ilmu ekonomi, telah dianggap sebagai andaian ontologis. Dengan demikian, masalah kesejahteraan di era disrupsi tidak akan mudah karena akan sangat bergantung pada pilihan-pilihan etis manusia yang menjalankan sistem ekonomi. Melihat pada perjalanan sejarah, upaya mewujudkan kesejahteran tidak bisa dipatok secara permanen, termasuk di era disrupsi digital saat ini, tetapi hanya bisa dikenali dari gerak pendulum gejalanya.
Kata kunci: Manusia Ekonomi, Homo Economicus, Eudaimonia, Self Interest, Modal, Kapitalisme, Ruang (Space), Waktu (Time), ruang-waktu, Ruang Perkotaan, Kontradiksi Internal Modal, Urbanisasi, Ketimpangan Sosial, Distribusi Pendapatan, Etika, Pemberontakan Etis, Gerakan-balik, Keadilan Sosial.
Abstract
This essay investigates the fundamentals of the origins of economics from the standpoint of the development of economic humans (homo economicus). In this endeavor, the topic of "self-interest" pursuit—which is fundamental to the emergence of economic humans—takes center stage. From this perspective, the article delves into the history of the economy up to the present, which is shaped by capitalism's hegemony.
The thoughts of Classical Greek philosophers, Adam Smith, Thomas Piketty, David Harvey, and Karl Polanyi will serve as the foundation for arguments regarding the journey of the economy since the 18th century. The emergence of global dissatisfaction, crisis and recession, to the Covid-19 pandemic have triggered the question, can economic humans bring their reason to realize common prosperity? The promise of prosperity that is often put forward by economics is difficult to fulfill. David Harvey believes that the current capitalist system is based on the motive of seeking profit supported by the nature of capital which in itself contains internal contradictions. This nature, according to Harvey, is the root of the crisis which is increasingly intolerable and dangerous.
The paper attempts to demonstrate how challenging it is for economists to address the issues raised by various economic systems. Economic humans whose birth is an epistemic assumption, to facilitate the construction of economic science, have been considered as an ontological assumption.Thus, the problem of welfare in the era of disruption will not be easy because it will depend mostly on the ethical choices of humans who run the economic system. Considering the trajectory of history, attempts to achieve welfare, even in the present day of digital disruption, cannot be fixed permanently; instead, they can only be recognized by the pendulum swing of their symptoms.
Keywords: Economic Man, Homo Economicus, Eudaimonia, Self Interest, Capital, Capitalism, Space, Time, space-time, Urban Space, Internal Contradictions of Capital, Urbanization, Social Inequality, Income Distribution, Ethics, Ethical Rebellion, Counter-movement, Social Justice.
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